大般涅槃經

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大般涅槃經卷第十四T12n0374_p0445b24T12n0374_p0445b25

北涼天竺三藏曇無讖譯

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「◎善男子！我觀諸行悉皆無常。云何知耶？T12n0374_p0445b28以因緣故。若有諸法從緣生者，則知無常。是T12n0374_p0445b29諸外道無有一法不從緣生。善男子！佛性無T12n0374_p0445c01生、無滅、無去、無來，非過去、非未來、非現在，非T12n0374_p0445c02因、所作、非無因作，非作、非作者，非相、非無相，T12n0374_p0445c03非有名、非無名，非名、非色、非長、非短、非陰界T12n0374_p0445c04入之所攝持，是故名常。善男子！佛性即是T12n0374_p0445c05如來，如來即是法，法即是常。善男子！常者T12n0374_p0445c06即是如來，如來即是僧，僧即是常。以是義故，T12n0374_p0445c07從因生法，不名為常。是諸外道無有一法，不T12n0374_p0445c08從因生。善男子！是諸外道不見佛性、如來及T12n0374_p0445c09法，是故外道所可言說，悉是妄語，無有真諦。T12n0374_p0445c10諸凡夫人，先見瓶衣、車乘舍宅、城郭河水、山T12n0374_p0445c11林男女、象馬牛羊，後見相似，便言是常。當知T12n0374_p0445c12其實，非是常也。善男子！一切有為，皆是無常；T12n0374_p0445c13虛空無為是故為常，佛性無為是故為常。虛T12n0374_p0445c14空者即是佛性，佛性者即是如來，如來者即T12n0374_p0445c15是無為，無為者即是常。常者即是法，法者T12n0374_p0445c16即是僧，僧即無為，無為者即是常。善男子！T12n0374_p0445c17有為之法，凡有二種：色法、非色法。非色法者，T12n0374_p0445c18心心數法。色法者，地、水、火、風。善男子！心名T12n0374_p0445c19無常。何以故？性是攀緣相，應分別故。善男T12n0374_p0445c20子！眼識性異，乃至意識性異，是故無常。善男T12n0374_p0445c21子！色境界異，乃至法境界異，是故無常。善男T12n0374_p0445c22子！眼識相應異，乃至意識相應異，是故無常。T12n0374_p0445c23善男子！心若常者，眼識應獨緣一切法。善男T12n0374_p0445c24子！若眼識異乃至意識異，則知無常。以法相T12n0374_p0445c25似，念念生滅，凡夫見已，計之為常。善男子！諸T12n0374_p0445c26因緣相，可破壞故，亦名無常。所謂因眼、因色、T12n0374_p0445c27因明、因思惟、生於眼識，耳識生時，所因各異，T12n0374_p0445c28非眼識因緣，乃至意識異亦如是。◎

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「◎復次善男子！壞諸行因緣異故，心名無常。T12n0374_p0446a01所謂修無常心異，修苦、空、無我心異。心若常T12n0374_p0446a02者，應常修無常，尚不得觀苦、空、無我，況復得T12n0374_p0446a03觀常、樂、我淨？以是義故，外道法中，不能攝取T12n0374_p0446a04常樂我淨。善男子！當知心法必定無常。復次T12n0374_p0446a05善男子！心性異故，名為無常。所謂聲聞心性T12n0374_p0446a06異，緣覺心性異，諸佛心性異。一切外道心有T12n0374_p0446a07三種：一者出家心，二者在家心，三者在家遠T12n0374_p0446a08離心。樂相應心異，苦相應心異，不苦不樂T12n0374_p0446a09相應心異，貪欲相應心異，瞋恚相應心異，愚T12n0374_p0446a10癡相應心異。一切外道心相亦異，所謂愚癡T12n0374_p0446a11相應心異，疑惑相應心異，邪見相應心異，T12n0374_p0446a12進止威儀其心亦異。善男子！心若常者，亦復T12n0374_p0446a13不能分別諸色，所謂青黃赤白紫色。善男子！T12n0374_p0446a14心若常者，諸憶念法不應忘失。善男子！心若T12n0374_p0446a15常者，凡所讀誦不應增長。復次善男子！心若T12n0374_p0446a16常者，不應說言已作、今作、當作，若有已作、今T12n0374_p0446a17作、當作，當知是心必定無常。善男子！心若常T12n0374_p0446a18者，則無怨、親、非怨、非親。心若常者，則不應言T12n0374_p0446a19我物、他物，若死、若生。心若常者，雖有所作，不T12n0374_p0446a20應增長。善男子！以是義故，當知心性各各T12n0374_p0446a21別異，有別異故當知無常。

「善男子！我今於T12n0374_p0446a22此非色法中，演說無常，其義已顯。復當為汝T12n0374_p0446a23說色無常。是色無常，本無有生，生已滅故。內T12n0374_p0446a24身處胎歌羅邏時，本無有生，生已變故；外T12n0374_p0446a25諸牙莖，本亦無生，生已變故；是故當知一T12n0374_p0446a26切色法，悉皆無常。善男子！所有內色，隨時而T12n0374_p0446a27變，歌羅邏時異、安浮陀時異、伽那時異、閉T12n0374_p0446a28手時異、諸疱時異、初生時異、嬰孩時異、童T12n0374_p0446a29子時異、乃至老時各各變異。所謂外色亦T12n0374_p0446b01復如是，牙異、莖異、枝異、葉異、花異、果異。復次T12n0374_p0446b02善男子！內味亦異，歌羅邏時乃至老時，各T12n0374_p0446b03各變異。外味亦爾，牙、莖、枝、葉、花、果味異。歌T12n0374_p0446b04羅邏時力異，乃至老時力異。歌羅邏時狀T12n0374_p0446b05貌異，乃至老時狀貌亦異。歌羅邏時果報異，T12n0374_p0446b06乃至老時果報亦異。歌羅邏時名字異，乃至T12n0374_p0446b07老時名字亦異。所謂內色，壞已還合，故知無T12n0374_p0446b08常。外諸樹木，亦壞已還合，故知無常。次第漸T12n0374_p0446b09生，故知無常。次第生歌羅邏時乃至老時，次T12n0374_p0446b10第生牙乃至果子，故知無常。諸色可滅，故知T12n0374_p0446b11無常。歌羅邏滅時異，乃至老滅時異。牙滅T12n0374_p0446b12時異乃至果滅時異，故知無常。凡夫無知，見T12n0374_p0446b13相似生，計以為常。以是義故，名曰無常。若T12n0374_p0446b14無常即是苦，若苦即是不淨。◎

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「◎善男子！我因迦葉先問是事，於彼已答。

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「復次善男子！諸行無我。善男子！總一切法，T12n0374_p0446b17謂色、非色。色非我也。何以故？可破、可壞、可裂、T12n0374_p0446b18可打、生增長故。我者不可破壞、裂打、生長，以T12n0374_p0446b19是義故，知色非我。非色之法亦復非我。何以T12n0374_p0446b20故？因緣生故。善男子！若諸外道以專念故，T12n0374_p0446b21知有我者，專念之性實非我也。若以專念為T12n0374_p0446b22我性者，過去之事則有忘失，有忘失故定知T12n0374_p0446b23無我。善男子！若諸外道以憶想故知有我者，T12n0374_p0446b24無憶想故定知無我。如說見人手有六指，即T12n0374_p0446b25便問言：『我先何處共相見耶？』若有我者，不T12n0374_p0446b26應復問；以相問故，定知無我。善男子！若諸T12n0374_p0446b27外道以有遮故，知有我者，善男子！以有遮故，T12n0374_p0446b28定知無我。如言調達，終不發言非調達也。我T12n0374_p0446b29亦如是，若定是我，終不遮我；以遮我故，定知T12n0374_p0446c01無我。若以遮故，知有我者，汝今不遮，定應無T12n0374_p0446c02我。善男子！若諸外道，以伴非伴知有我者，T12n0374_p0446c03以無伴故，應無有我。有法無伴，所謂如來、虛T12n0374_p0446c04空、佛性，我亦如是實無有伴，以是義故，定知T12n0374_p0446c05無我。復次善男子！若諸外道以名字故，知有T12n0374_p0446c06我者，無我法中，亦有我名，如貧賤人名字富T12n0374_p0446c07貴。如言我死，若我死者，我則殺我，而我實T12n0374_p0446c08不可殺，假名殺我；亦如矬人，名為長者。以是T12n0374_p0446c09義故，定知無我。

「復次善男子！若諸外道，以T12n0374_p0446c10生已求乳知有我者，善男子！若有我者，一切T12n0374_p0446c11嬰兒不應執持糞穢、火蛇、毒藥，以是義故，定T12n0374_p0446c12知無我。復次善男子！一切眾生於三法中，悉T12n0374_p0446c13有等智，所謂婬欲、飲食恐怖，是故無我。復T12n0374_p0446c14次善男子！若諸外道以相貌故，知有我者，善T12n0374_p0446c15男子！相故無我，無相故亦無我。若人睡時，不T12n0374_p0446c16能進止、俯仰視眴、不覺苦樂，不應有我。若以T12n0374_p0446c17進止、俯仰視眴，知有我者，機關木人亦應有T12n0374_p0446c18我。善男子！如來亦爾，不進、不止、不俯、不仰、T12n0374_p0446c19不視、不眴，不苦、不樂、不貪、不恚、不癡、不行，如T12n0374_p0446c20來如是真實有我。復次善男子！若諸外道以T12n0374_p0446c21見他食果口中生涎，知有我者，善男子！以憶T12n0374_p0446c22念故，見則生涎，涎非我也。我亦非涎、非喜非T12n0374_p0446c23悲、非欠非笑，非臥非起、非飢非飽，以是義T12n0374_p0446c24故，定知無我。

「善男子！是諸外道癡如小兒，T12n0374_p0446c25無慧方便，不能了達常與無常、苦樂、淨不淨、T12n0374_p0446c26我無我、壽命非壽命、眾生非眾生、實非實、T12n0374_p0446c27有非有，於佛法中取少許分，虛妄計有常、樂、T12n0374_p0446c28我、淨，而實不知常樂我淨。如生盲人不識乳T12n0374_p0446c29色，便問他言：『乳色何似？』他人答言：『色白如貝。』T12n0374_p0447a01盲人復問：『是乳色者如貝聲耶？』答言：『不也。』T12n0374_p0447a02復問：『貝色為何似耶？』答言：『猶稻米末。』盲T12n0374_p0447a03人復問：『乳色柔軟如稻米末耶？稻米末者T12n0374_p0447a04復何所似？』答言：『猶如雨雪。』盲人復言：『彼稻T12n0374_p0447a05米末冷如雪耶？雪復何似？』答言：『猶如白鶴。』T12n0374_p0447a06是生盲人雖聞如是四種譬喻，終不能得識T12n0374_p0447a07乳真色。是諸外道亦復如是，終不能識常樂T12n0374_p0447a08我淨。善男子！以是義故，我佛法中有真實T12n0374_p0447a09諦，非於外道。」

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文殊師利白佛言：「希有世尊！如來於今臨般T12n0374_p0447a11涅槃，方更轉於無上法輪，乃作如是分別真T12n0374_p0447a12諦。」

佛告文殊師利：「汝今云何故於如來生涅T12n0374_p0447a13槃想？善男子！如來實是常住不變，不般涅槃。T12n0374_p0447a14善男子！若有計我是佛，我成阿耨多羅三藐T12n0374_p0447a15三菩提。我即是法，法是我所。我即是道，道是T12n0374_p0447a16我所。我即世尊，世尊即是我所。我即聲聞，T12n0374_p0447a17聲聞即是我所。我能說法，令他聽受，我轉法T12n0374_p0447a18輪，餘人不能。如來終不作如是計，是故如來T12n0374_p0447a19不轉法輪。善男子！若有人作如是妄計，我T12n0374_p0447a20即是眼，眼即是我所，耳鼻舌身意亦復如是。T12n0374_p0447a21我即是色，色是我所，乃至法亦如是。我即T12n0374_p0447a22是地，地即是我所，水火風等亦復如是。T12n0374_p0447a23善男子！若有人言，我即是信，信是我所。我是T12n0374_p0447a24多聞，多聞即是我所。我是檀波羅蜜，檀波羅T12n0374_p0447a25蜜即是我所。我是尸波羅蜜，尸波羅蜜即T12n0374_p0447a26是我所。我是羼提波羅蜜羼提波羅蜜，即是T12n0374_p0447a27我所。我是毘梨耶波羅蜜，毘梨耶波羅蜜即T12n0374_p0447a28是我所。我是禪波羅蜜，禪波羅蜜即是我所。T12n0374_p0447a29我是般若波羅蜜，般若波羅蜜即是我所。我T12n0374_p0447b01是四念處，四念處即是我所。四正勤、四如意T12n0374_p0447b02足、五根五力、七覺分八聖道分，亦復如是。善T12n0374_p0447b03男子！如來終不作如是計，是故如來不轉法T12n0374_p0447b04輪。善男子！若言常住無有變易，云何說言T12n0374_p0447b05佛轉法輪？是故汝今不應說言，如來方更轉T12n0374_p0447b06於法輪。

「善男子！譬如因眼，緣色、緣明、緣思T12n0374_p0447b07惟，因緣和合，得生眼識。善男子！眼不念言，T12n0374_p0447b08我能生識；色乃至思惟，終不念言我生眼識，T12n0374_p0447b09眼識亦復不作念言，我能自生。善男子！如是T12n0374_p0447b10等法，因緣和合，得名為見。善男子！如來亦爾，T12n0374_p0447b11因六波羅蜜、三十七助菩提之法，覺了諸法，T12n0374_p0447b12復因咽喉、舌齒脣口、言語音聲，為憍陳如初T12n0374_p0447b13始說法，名轉法輪。以是義故，如來不名轉法T12n0374_p0447b14輪也。

「善男子！若不轉者，即名為法，法即如T12n0374_p0447b15來。善男子！譬如因燧、因鑽、因手、因乾牛糞，而T12n0374_p0447b16得生火，燧亦不言我能生火，鑽手牛糞各不T12n0374_p0447b17念言我能生火，火亦不言我能自生。如來亦T12n0374_p0447b18爾，因六波羅蜜，乃至憍陳如，名轉法輪。如T12n0374_p0447b19來亦復不生念言，我轉法輪。

「善男子！若不生T12n0374_p0447b20者，是則名為轉正法輪，是轉法輪，即名如來。T12n0374_p0447b21善男子！譬如因酪、因水、因攢、因瓶、因繩、因T12n0374_p0447b22人手捉，而得出蘇，酪不念言我能出蘇，乃T12n0374_p0447b23至人手亦不念言我能出蘇，蘇亦不言我能T12n0374_p0447b24自出，眾緣和合，故得出蘇。如來亦爾，終不T12n0374_p0447b25念言我轉法輪。

「善男子！若不出者，是則名為T12n0374_p0447b26轉正法輪，是轉法輪即是如來。善男子！譬T12n0374_p0447b27如因子、因地、因水、因火、因風、因糞、因時、因人T12n0374_p0447b28作業，而牙得生。善男子！子亦不言我能生T12n0374_p0447b29牙，乃至作業亦不念言我能生牙，牙亦T12n0374_p0447c01不言我能自生。如來亦爾，終不念言，我轉法T12n0374_p0447c02輪。

「善男子！若不能者，是則名為轉正法輪，T12n0374_p0447c03是轉法輪即是如來。善男子！譬如因鼓、因空、T12n0374_p0447c04因皮、因人、因桴和合出聲，鼓不念言我能出T12n0374_p0447c05聲，乃至桴亦如是，聲亦不言我能自生。善T12n0374_p0447c06男子！如來亦爾，終不念言我轉法輪。善男T12n0374_p0447c07子！轉法輪者名為不作，不作者即轉法輪。T12n0374_p0447c08轉法輪者即是如來。善男子！轉法輪者乃是T12n0374_p0447c09諸佛世尊境界，非諸聲聞緣覺所知。善男子！T12n0374_p0447c10虛空非生、非出、非作、非造、非有為法。如來亦T12n0374_p0447c11爾，非生、非出、非作、非造、非有為法。如如來性，T12n0374_p0447c12佛性亦爾，非生、非出、非作、非造、非有為法。

「善T12n0374_p0447c13男子！諸佛世尊語有二種：一者世語，二者T12n0374_p0447c14出世語。善男子！如來為諸聲聞緣覺說於世T12n0374_p0447c15語，為諸菩薩說出世語。善男子！是諸大眾T12n0374_p0447c16復有二種：一者求小乘，二者求大乘。我於T12n0374_p0447c17昔日波羅㮈城，為諸聲聞轉于法輪；今始T12n0374_p0447c18於此拘尸那城，為諸菩薩轉大法輪。復次善T12n0374_p0447c19男子！復有二人：中根、上根。為中根人，於波羅T12n0374_p0447c20㮈轉於法輪；為上根人，人中象王，迦葉菩薩T12n0374_p0447c21等，今於此間拘尸那城，轉大法輪。善男子！T12n0374_p0447c22極下根者如來終不為轉法輪，極下根者即T12n0374_p0447c23一闡提。復次善男子！求佛道者復有二種：T12n0374_p0447c24一中精進，二上精進。於波羅㮈，為中精進T12n0374_p0447c25轉於法輪；今於此間拘尸那城，為上精進轉T12n0374_p0447c26大法輪。復次善男子！我昔於彼波羅㮈城初T12n0374_p0447c27轉法輪，八萬天人得須陀洹果；今於此間拘T12n0374_p0447c28尸那城，八十萬億人不退轉於阿耨多羅三T12n0374_p0447c29藐三菩提。復次善男子！波羅㮈城，大梵天王T12n0374_p0448a01稽首請我轉於法輪；今於此間拘尸那城，迦T12n0374_p0448a02葉菩薩稽首請我轉大法輪。復次善男子！我T12n0374_p0448a03昔於彼波羅㮈城轉法輪時，說無常、苦、空、無T12n0374_p0448a04我；今於此間拘尸那城轉法輪時，說常、樂、我、T12n0374_p0448a05淨。

\nT12n0374_p0448a06

「復次善男子！我昔於彼波羅㮈城轉法輪時，T12n0374_p0448a07所出音聲聞于梵天；如來今於拘尸那城轉T12n0374_p0448a08法輪時，所出音聲，遍於東方二十恒河沙等T12n0374_p0448a09諸佛世界，南西北方、四維上下，亦復如是。復T12n0374_p0448a10次善男子！諸佛世尊凡有所說，皆悉名為轉T12n0374_p0448a11法輪也。善男子！譬如聖王所有輪寶，未降伏T12n0374_p0448a12者能令降伏，已降伏者能令安隱。善男子！T12n0374_p0448a13諸佛世尊凡所說法，亦復如是，無量煩惱未T12n0374_p0448a14調伏者，能令調伏，已調伏者令生善根。善男T12n0374_p0448a15子！譬如聖王所有輪寶，則能消滅一切怨賊。T12n0374_p0448a16如來演法亦復如是，能令一切諸煩惱賊，皆T12n0374_p0448a17悉寂靜。復次善男子！譬如聖王所有輪寶，下T12n0374_p0448a18上迴轉。如來說法亦復如是，能令下趣諸惡T12n0374_p0448a19眾生，上生人天乃至佛道。善男子！是故汝今T12n0374_p0448a20不應讚言，如來於此更轉法輪。」

爾時文殊師T12n0374_p0448a21利白佛言：「世尊！我於此義非為不知，所以T12n0374_p0448a22問者，為欲利益諸眾生故。世尊！我已久知轉T12n0374_p0448a23法輪者，實是諸佛如來境界，非是聲聞緣覺T12n0374_p0448a24所知。」

爾時世尊告迦葉菩薩：「善男子！是名T12n0374_p0448a25菩薩住於大乘大涅槃經所行聖行。」

\nT12n0374_p0448a26

迦葉菩薩白佛言：「世尊！復以何義名為聖行？」T12n0374_p0448a27「善男子！聖名諸佛世尊，以是義故，名為聖T12n0374_p0448a28行。」

「世尊！若是諸佛之所行者，則非聲聞、緣T12n0374_p0448a29覺、菩薩所能修行。」

「善男子！是諸世尊安住於T12n0374_p0448b01此大般涅槃，而作如是開示分別，演說其義，T12n0374_p0448b02以是義故，名曰聖行。聲聞緣覺及諸菩薩如T12n0374_p0448b03是聞已，則能奉行，故名聖行。善男子！是菩薩T12n0374_p0448b04摩訶薩得是行已，則得住於無所畏地。善男T12n0374_p0448b05子！若有菩薩得住如是無所畏地，則不復畏T12n0374_p0448b06貪恚愚癡、生老病死，亦復不畏惡道、地獄、T12n0374_p0448b07畜生餓鬼。善男子！惡有二種：一者阿修羅，T12n0374_p0448b08二者人中。人中有三種惡：一者一闡提，二者T12n0374_p0448b09誹謗方等經典，三者犯四重禁。善男子：住是T12n0374_p0448b10地中諸菩薩等，終不畏墮如是惡中；亦復不T12n0374_p0448b11畏沙門、婆羅門、外道邪見、天魔波旬；亦復不T12n0374_p0448b12畏受二十五有；是故此地，名無所畏。善男子！T12n0374_p0448b13菩薩摩訶薩住無畏地，得二十五三昧，壞二T12n0374_p0448b14十五有。善男子！得無垢三昧能壞地獄有，得T12n0374_p0448b15無退三昧能壞畜生有，得心樂三昧能壞餓T12n0374_p0448b16鬼有，得歡喜三昧能壞阿修羅有，得日光三T12n0374_p0448b17昧能斷弗婆提有，得月光三昧能斷瞿耶尼T12n0374_p0448b18有，得熱炎三昧能斷欝單越有，得如幻三昧T12n0374_p0448b19能斷閻浮提有，得一切法不動三昧能斷四T12n0374_p0448b20天處有，得難伏三昧能斷三十三天處有，T12n0374_p0448b21得悅意三昧能斷炎摩天有，得青色三昧能T12n0374_p0448b22斷兜率天有，得黃色三昧能斷化樂天有，T12n0374_p0448b23得赤色三昧能斷他化自在天有，得白色三T12n0374_p0448b24昧能斷初禪有，得種種三昧能斷大梵天有，T12n0374_p0448b25得雙三昧能斷二禪有，得雷音三昧能斷三T12n0374_p0448b26禪有，得霔雨三昧能斷四禪有，得如虛空T12n0374_p0448b27三昧能斷無想有，得照鏡三昧能斷淨居阿T12n0374_p0448b28那含有，得無礙三昧能斷空處有，得常三昧T12n0374_p0448b29能斷識處有，得樂三昧能斷不用處有，得我T12n0374_p0448c01三昧能斷非想非非想處有。善男子！是名菩T12n0374_p0448c02薩得二十五三昧，斷二十五有。

「善男子！如是T12n0374_p0448c03二十五三昧，名諸三昧王。善男子！菩薩摩T12n0374_p0448c04訶薩入如是等諸三昧王，若欲吹壞須彌山T12n0374_p0448c05王隨意即能，欲知三千大千世界所有眾生T12n0374_p0448c06心之所念亦悉能知，欲以三千大千世界所T12n0374_p0448c07有眾生內於己身一毛孔中隨意即能，亦令T12n0374_p0448c08眾生無迫迮想，若欲化作無量眾生悉令充T12n0374_p0448c09滿三千大千世界中者亦能隨意，欲分一身T12n0374_p0448c10以為多身，復合多身以為一身，雖作如是，T12n0374_p0448c11心無所著，猶如蓮花。善男子！菩薩摩訶薩T12n0374_p0448c12得入如是三昧王已，即得住於自在之地。菩T12n0374_p0448c13薩得住是自在地，得自在力，隨欲生處，即得T12n0374_p0448c14往生。善男子！譬如聖王領四天下，隨意所行T12n0374_p0448c15無能障礙。菩薩摩訶薩亦復如是，一切生處T12n0374_p0448c16若欲生者，隨意往生。善男子！菩薩摩訶薩若T12n0374_p0448c17見地獄一切眾生，有可化令住善根者，菩薩T12n0374_p0448c18即往而生其中。菩薩雖生，非本業果；菩薩摩T12n0374_p0448c19訶薩住自在地力因緣故，而生其中。善男子！T12n0374_p0448c20菩薩摩訶薩雖在地獄，不受熾然、碎身等苦。T12n0374_p0448c21善男子！菩薩摩訶薩所可成就如是功德，無T12n0374_p0448c22量無邊百千萬億尚不可說，何況諸佛所有T12n0374_p0448c23功德而當可說？」

\nT12n0374_p0448c24

爾時眾中有一菩薩，名住無垢藏王，有大威T12n0374_p0448c25德，成就神通，得大總持三昧，具足得無所畏，T12n0374_p0448c26即從座起，偏袒右肩，右膝著地，長跪合掌白佛T12n0374_p0448c27言：「世尊！如佛所說，諸佛菩薩所可成就功德T12n0374_p0448c28智慧無量無邊百千萬億實不可說。我意猶T12n0374_p0448c29謂，故不如是大乘經典。何以故？因是大乘方T12n0374_p0449a01等經力故，能出生諸佛世尊阿耨多羅三藐三T12n0374_p0449a02菩提。」

時佛讚言：「善哉，善哉！善男子！如是，如T12n0374_p0449a03是，如汝所說。是諸大乘方等經典，雖復成T12n0374_p0449a04就無量功德，欲比是經不得為喻，百倍、千倍、T12n0374_p0449a05百千萬億倍，乃至算數譬喻所不能及。善T12n0374_p0449a06男子！譬如從牛出乳，從乳出酪，從酪出生T12n0374_p0449a07穌，從生穌出熟穌，從熟穌出醍醐，醍醐最T12n0374_p0449a08上，若有服者眾病皆除，所有諸藥，悉入其中。T12n0374_p0449a09善男子！佛亦如是，從佛出生十二部經，從T12n0374_p0449a10十二部經出修多羅，從修多羅出方等經，從T12n0374_p0449a11方等經出般若波羅蜜，從般若波羅蜜出大T12n0374_p0449a12涅槃，猶如醍醐。言醍醐者，喻於佛性，佛性T12n0374_p0449a13者即是如來。善男子！以是義故，說言如來T12n0374_p0449a14所有功德無量無邊不可稱計。」

\nT12n0374_p0449a15

迦葉菩薩白佛言：「世尊！如佛所讚，大涅槃經T12n0374_p0449a16猶如醍醐最上最妙，若有能服，眾病悉除，T12n0374_p0449a17一切諸藥悉入其中。我聞是已，竊復思念，若T12n0374_p0449a18有不能聽受是經，當知是人，為大愚癡無有T12n0374_p0449a19善心。世尊！我於今者，實能堪忍剝皮為紙、刺T12n0374_p0449a20血為墨、以髓為水、折骨為筆，書寫如是大涅T12n0374_p0449a21槃經，書已讀誦，令其通利，然後為人廣說其T12n0374_p0449a22義。世尊！若有眾生貪著財物，我當施財，然T12n0374_p0449a23後以是大涅槃經，勸之令讀。若尊貴者，先以T12n0374_p0449a24愛語而隨其意，然後漸當以是大乘大涅槃T12n0374_p0449a25經勸之令讀。若凡庶者，當以威勢，逼之令讀。T12n0374_p0449a26若憍慢者，我當為其而作僕使，隨順其意令T12n0374_p0449a27其歡喜，然後當以大般涅槃而教導之。若T12n0374_p0449a28有誹謗大乘經者，當以勢力摧之令伏，既T12n0374_p0449a29摧伏已，然後勸之令讀大涅槃經。若有愛T12n0374_p0449b01樂大乘經者，我躬當往，恭敬供養、尊重讚歎。」

\nT12n0374_p0449b02

爾時佛讚迦葉菩薩：「善哉，善哉！汝甚愛樂大T12n0374_p0449b03乘經典、貪大乘經、愛大乘經、味大乘經，信敬T12n0374_p0449b04尊重供養大乘。善男子！汝今以此善心因緣，T12n0374_p0449b05當得超越無量無邊恒河沙等諸大菩薩，在T12n0374_p0449b06前得成阿耨多羅三藐三菩提，汝亦不久復T12n0374_p0449b07當如我，廣為大眾演說如是大般涅槃、如來、佛T12n0374_p0449b08性，諸佛所說祕密之藏。善男子！過去之世，佛T12n0374_p0449b09日未出，我於爾時，作婆羅門，修菩薩行，悉能T12n0374_p0449b10通達一切外道所有經論。修寂滅行，具足威T12n0374_p0449b11儀，其心清淨，不為外來能生欲想之所破壞，T12n0374_p0449b12滅瞋恚火，受持常、樂、我、淨之法，周遍求索大T12n0374_p0449b13乘經典，乃至不聞方等名字。我於爾時住於T12n0374_p0449b14雪山，其山清淨，流泉浴池、樹林藥木，充滿其T12n0374_p0449b15地，處處石間有清流水，多諸香花周遍嚴飾，T12n0374_p0449b16眾鳥禽獸不可稱計，甘果滋繁種別難計。復T12n0374_p0449b17有無量藕根、甘根、青木香根。我於爾時獨處T12n0374_p0449b18其中，唯食諸果，食已繫心思惟坐禪，經無量T12n0374_p0449b19歲，亦不聞有如來出世大乘經名。善男子！我T12n0374_p0449b20修如是難行、苦行時，釋提桓因等諸天人T12n0374_p0449b21心大驚怪，即共集會，各各相謂，而說偈言：

\nT12n0374_p0449b22

「『各共相指示，

清淨雪山中，

T12n0374_p0449b23

寂靜離欲主，

功德莊嚴王。

T12n0374_p0449b24

以離貪瞋慢，

永斷諂愚癡，

T12n0374_p0449b25

口初未曾說，

麁惡等語言。』

T12n0374_p0449b26

「爾時眾中有一天子，名曰歡喜，復說偈言：

\nT12n0374_p0449b27

「『如是離欲人，

清淨勤精進，

T12n0374_p0449b28

將不求帝釋，

及以諸天耶？

T12n0374_p0449b29

若是外道者，

修行諸苦行，

T12n0374_p0449c01

是人多欲求，

帝釋所坐處。』

T12n0374_p0449c02

「爾時復有一仙天子，即為帝釋而說偈言：

\nT12n0374_p0449c03

「『天主憍尸迦！

不應生此慮，

T12n0374_p0449c04

外道修苦行，

何必求帝處？』

T12n0374_p0449c05

「說是偈已復作是言：『憍尸迦！世有大士，為T12n0374_p0449c06眾生故不貪己身，為欲利益諸眾生故，而修T12n0374_p0449c07種種無量苦行。如是之人，見生死中諸過咎T12n0374_p0449c08故，設見珍寶滿此大地、諸山、大海，不生貪著，T12n0374_p0449c09如視涕唾。如是大士，棄捨財寶、所愛妻子、T12n0374_p0449c10頭目髓腦、手足支節、所居舍宅、象馬車乘、奴T12n0374_p0449c11婢僮僕，亦不願求生於天上，唯求欲令一切T12n0374_p0449c12眾生得受快樂。如我所解，如是大士清淨無T12n0374_p0449c13染，眾結永盡，唯欲求於阿耨多羅三藐三菩T12n0374_p0449c14提。』

「釋提桓因復作是言：『如汝言者，是人則T12n0374_p0449c15為攝取一切世間所有眾生。大仙！若此世T12n0374_p0449c16間有佛樹者，能除一切諸天世人及阿修羅T12n0374_p0449c17煩惱毒蛇。若諸眾生住是佛樹陰涼中者，T12n0374_p0449c18煩惱諸毒悉得消滅。大仙！是人若當未來世T12n0374_p0449c19中作善逝者，我等悉當得滅無量熾然煩惱。T12n0374_p0449c20如是之事實為難信。何以故？無量百千諸眾T12n0374_p0449c21生等發於阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心，見少微T12n0374_p0449c22緣於阿耨多羅三藐三菩提，即便動轉。如水T12n0374_p0449c23中月，水動則動。猶如畫像，難成易壞。菩提之T12n0374_p0449c24心亦復如是，難發易壞。大仙！如有多人，以諸T12n0374_p0449c25鎧仗牢自莊嚴，欲前討賊，臨陣恐怖則便退T12n0374_p0449c26散。無量眾生亦復如是，發菩提心，牢自莊嚴，T12n0374_p0449c27見生死過，心生恐怖，即便退散。大仙！我見如T12n0374_p0449c28是無量眾生發心之後，皆生動轉，是故我今T12n0374_p0449c29雖見是人修於苦行，無惱、無熱、住於險道，其T12n0374_p0450a01行清淨未能信也。我今要當自往試之，知其T12n0374_p0450a02實能堪任荷負，阿耨多羅三藐三菩提大重擔T12n0374_p0450a03不？大仙！猶如車有二輪，則能載用。鳥有T12n0374_p0450a04二翼，堪任飛行。是苦行者，亦復如是。我雖見T12n0374_p0450a05其堅持禁戒，未知其人有深智不？若有深智，T12n0374_p0450a06當知則能堪任荷負阿耨多羅三藐三菩提之T12n0374_p0450a07重擔也。大仙！譬如魚母，多有胎子，成就者少。T12n0374_p0450a08如菴羅樹，花多果少。眾生發心乃有無量，及T12n0374_p0450a09其成就，少不足言。大仙！我當與汝俱往試之。T12n0374_p0450a10大仙！譬如真金三種試已，乃知其真，謂燒、打、T12n0374_p0450a11磨。試彼苦行者，亦當如是。』

\nT12n0374_p0450a12

「爾時釋提桓因，自變其身作羅剎像，形甚可T12n0374_p0450a13畏，下至雪山，去其不遠而便立住。是時羅T12n0374_p0450a14剎，心無所畏，勇健難當，辯才次第，其聲清雅，T12n0374_p0450a15宣過去佛所說半偈：

\nT12n0374_p0450a16

「『諸行無常，

是生滅法。』

T12n0374_p0450a17

「說是半偈已，便住其前，所現形貌甚可怖畏。T12n0374_p0450a18顧眄遍視，觀於四方。是苦行者，聞是半偈，心T12n0374_p0450a19生歡喜。譬如估客，於險難處夜行失伴，恐怖T12n0374_p0450a20推求，還遇同侶，心生歡喜，踊躍無量。亦如T12n0374_p0450a21久病，未遇良醫，瞻病好藥後卒得之。如人沒T12n0374_p0450a22海，卒遇船舫。如渴乏人，遇清冷水。如為怨逐，T12n0374_p0450a23忽然得脫。如久繫人卒聞得出。亦如農夫炎T12n0374_p0450a24旱值雨。亦如行人還得歸家，家人見已，生大T12n0374_p0450a25歡喜。善男子！我於爾時聞是半偈，心中歡喜T12n0374_p0450a26亦復如是，即從座起，以手舉髮，四向顧視而T12n0374_p0450a27說是言：『向所聞偈，誰之所說？』爾時亦更不見T12n0374_p0450a28餘人，唯見羅剎。即說是言：『誰開如是解脫之T12n0374_p0450a29門，誰能雷震諸佛音聲？誰於生死睡眠之中，T12n0374_p0450b01而獨覺寤唱如是言？誰能於此，示道生死飢T12n0374_p0450b02饉眾生無上道味？無量眾生沈生死海，誰能T12n0374_p0450b03於中作大船師？是諸眾生常為煩惱重病所T12n0374_p0450b04纏，誰能於中為作良醫？說是半偈啟悟我心，T12n0374_p0450b05猶如半月漸開蓮花。』善男子！我於爾時更無T12n0374_p0450b06所見，唯見羅剎。復作是念：『將是羅剎說是偈T12n0374_p0450b07耶？』仍復生疑：『或非其說，何以故？是人形容T12n0374_p0450b08甚可怖畏。若有得聞是偈句者，一切恐怖、醜T12n0374_p0450b09陋即除。何有此人形貌如是，能說此偈？不應T12n0374_p0450b10火中出於蓮花，非日光中出生冷水。』善男子，T12n0374_p0450b11我於爾時復作是念：『我今無智，而此羅剎或T12n0374_p0450b12能得見過去諸佛，從諸佛所聞是半偈，我今T12n0374_p0450b13當問。』即便前至是羅剎所，作如是言：『善哉，大T12n0374_p0450b14士！汝於何處得是過去離怖畏者所說半偈？T12n0374_p0450b15大士！復於何處而得如是半如意珠？大士！是T12n0374_p0450b16半偈義，乃是過去、未來、現在諸佛世尊之正道T12n0374_p0450b17也。一切世間無量眾生，常為諸見羅網所覆，T12n0374_p0450b18終身於此外道法中，初不曾聞，如是出世十T12n0374_p0450b19力、世雄所說空義。』

「善男子！我問是已，即答T12n0374_p0450b20我言：『大婆羅門！汝今不應問我是義。何以T12n0374_p0450b21故？我不食來已經多日，處處求索，了不能得。T12n0374_p0450b22飢渴苦惱，心亂讇語，非我本心之所知也。T12n0374_p0450b23假使我今力能飛行虛空至欝單越，乃至T12n0374_p0450b24天上，處處求食亦不能得，以是之故，我說是T12n0374_p0450b25語。』善男子！我時即復語羅剎言：『大士！若能T12n0374_p0450b26為我說是偈竟，我當終身為汝弟子。大士！T12n0374_p0450b27汝所說者，名字不終，義亦不盡。以何因緣不T12n0374_p0450b28欲說耶？夫財施者則有竭盡，法施因緣不可T12n0374_p0450b29盡也。雖無有盡，多所利益。我今聞此半偈法T12n0374_p0450c01已，心生驚疑，汝今幸可為我除斷，說此偈竟，T12n0374_p0450c02我當終身為汝弟子。』羅剎答言：『汝智太過，但T12n0374_p0450c03自憂身，都不見念，今我定為飢苦所逼，實T12n0374_p0450c04不能說。』我即問言：『汝所食者，為是何物？』羅T12n0374_p0450c05剎答言：『汝不足問，我若說者，令多人怖。』我T12n0374_p0450c06復問言：『此中獨處，更無有人，我不畏汝，何故T12n0374_p0450c07不說？』羅剎答言：『我所食者，唯人暖肉。其所T12n0374_p0450c08飲者，唯人熱血。自我薄福，唯食此食，周遍T12n0374_p0450c09求索困不能得。世雖多人，皆有福德，兼為諸T12n0374_p0450c10天之所守護，而我無力不能得殺。』善男子！T12n0374_p0450c11我復語言：『汝但具足，說是半偈，我聞偈已，當T12n0374_p0450c12以此身奉施供養。大士！我設命終，如此之T12n0374_p0450c13身無所復用，當為虎狼、鵄梟、鵰鷲之所噉食，T12n0374_p0450c14然復不得一毫之福。我今為求阿耨多羅三T12n0374_p0450c15藐三菩提，捨不堅身，以易堅身。』羅剎答言：T12n0374_p0450c16『誰當信汝如是之言，為八字故，棄所愛身？』善T12n0374_p0450c17男子！我即答言：『汝真無智，譬如有人，施他T12n0374_p0450c18凡器，得七寶器。我亦如是，捨不堅身，得金T12n0374_p0450c19剛身。汝言誰當信者？我今有證，大梵天王、T12n0374_p0450c20釋提桓因及四天王，能證是事。復有天眼諸T12n0374_p0450c21菩薩等，為欲利益無量眾生，修行大乘具六T12n0374_p0450c22度者，亦能證知。復有十方諸佛世尊利眾生T12n0374_p0450c23者，亦能證我，為八字故，捨於身命。』羅剎復言：T12n0374_p0450c24『汝若如是能捨身者，諦聽諦聽，當為汝說，其T12n0374_p0450c25餘半偈。』

「善男子！我於爾時聞是事已，心中歡T12n0374_p0450c26喜，即解己身所著鹿皮，為此羅剎敷置法座，T12n0374_p0450c27白言：『和上！願坐此座。』我即於前，叉手長跪，T12n0374_p0450c28而作是言：『唯願和上！善為我說，其餘半偈，T12n0374_p0450c29令得具足。』羅剎即說：

\nT12n0374_p0451a01

「『生滅滅已，

寂滅為樂。』

T12n0374_p0451a02

「爾時羅剎說是偈已復作是言：『菩薩摩訶薩，T12n0374_p0451a03汝今已聞具足偈義，汝之所願為悉滿足，若T12n0374_p0451a04必欲利諸眾生者，時施我身。』善男子！我於爾T12n0374_p0451a05時深思此義，然後處處，若石、若壁、若樹、若道，T12n0374_p0451a06書寫此偈，即便更繫所著衣裳，恐其死後身T12n0374_p0451a07體露現，即上高樹。爾時樹神復問我言：『善T12n0374_p0451a08哉，仁者！欲作何事？』善男子！我時答言：『我欲T12n0374_p0451a09捨身，以報偈價。』樹神問言：『如是偈者，何所利T12n0374_p0451a10益？』我時答言：『如是偈句，乃是過去、未來、現T12n0374_p0451a11在諸佛所說開空法道，我為此法，棄捨身命。T12n0374_p0451a12不為利養、名聞、財寶、轉輪聖王、四大天王、釋提T12n0374_p0451a13桓因、大梵天王、人天中樂，為欲利益一切眾T12n0374_p0451a14生，故捨此身。』善男子！我捨身時，復作是言：T12n0374_p0451a15『願令一切慳惜之人，悉來見我，捨離此身。若T12n0374_p0451a16有少施起貢高者，亦令得見，我為一偈捨此T12n0374_p0451a17身命，如棄草木。』我於爾時說是語已，尋即T12n0374_p0451a18放身自投樹下，下未至地時，虛空之中出T12n0374_p0451a19種種聲，其聲乃至阿迦尼吒。爾時羅剎還T12n0374_p0451a20復釋身，即於空中接取我身，安置平地。

「爾T12n0374_p0451a21時釋提桓因及諸天人、大梵天王，稽首頂禮T12n0374_p0451a22於我足下，讚言：『善哉，善哉，真是菩薩，能T12n0374_p0451a23大利益無量眾生，欲於無明黑闇之中然大T12n0374_p0451a24法炬。由我愛惜如來大法，故相嬈惱，唯願聽T12n0374_p0451a25我懺悔罪咎。汝於未來必定成就阿耨多羅T12n0374_p0451a26三藐三菩提，願見濟度。』爾時釋提桓因及諸T12n0374_p0451a27天眾，頂禮我足，於是辭去，忽然不現。

「善男T12n0374_p0451a28子！如我往昔為半偈故，捨棄此身，以是因T12n0374_p0451a29緣，便得超越足十二劫，在彌勒前成阿耨多T12n0374_p0451b01羅三藐三菩提。善男子！我得如是無量功德，T12n0374_p0451b02皆由供養如來正法。善男子！汝今亦爾，發於T12n0374_p0451b03阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心，則已超過無量無T12n0374_p0451b04邊恒河沙等諸菩薩上。善男子！是名菩薩住T12n0374_p0451b05於大乘大般涅槃修於聖行。◎

T12n0374_p0451b06

大般涅槃經卷第十四