大般涅槃經

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大般涅槃經卷第十二T12n0374_p0433c23T12n0374_p0433c24

北涼天竺三藏曇無[＊]讖譯

\nT12n0374_p0433c25聖行品第七之二

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「復次善男子！菩薩摩訶薩聖行者，觀察是身，T12n0374_p0433c27從頭至足，其中唯有髮毛、爪齒、不淨垢穢、T12n0374_p0433c28皮肉筋骨、脾腎心肺、肝膽腸胃、生熟二藏、大小T12n0374_p0433c29便利、涕唾目淚、肪膏腦膜、骨髓膿血、腦胲諸T12n0374_p0434a01脈。菩薩如是專念觀時，誰有是我？我為屬T12n0374_p0434a02誰？住在何處？誰屬於我？復作是念：『骨是我T12n0374_p0434a03耶？離骨是耶？』菩薩爾時除去皮肉，唯觀白T12n0374_p0434a04骨，復作是念：『骨色相異，所謂青黃、赤白及T12n0374_p0434a05以鴿色，如是骨相亦復非我，何以故？我者T12n0374_p0434a06亦非青黃、赤白及以鴿色。』菩薩繫心作是觀T12n0374_p0434a07時，即得斷除一切色欲。復作是念：『如是骨T12n0374_p0434a08者從因緣生，依因足骨以拄踝骨，依因踝T12n0374_p0434a09骨以拄膊骨，依因膊骨以拄膝骨，依因膝T12n0374_p0434a10骨以拄髀骨，依因髀骨以拄臗骨，依因臗T12n0374_p0434a11骨以拄腰骨，依因腰骨以拄脊骨，依因脊骨T12n0374_p0434a12以拄肋骨，復因脊骨上拄項骨，依因項骨以T12n0374_p0434a13拄頷骨，依因頷骨以拄牙齒，上有髑髏。復T12n0374_p0434a14因項骨以拄膊骨，依因膊骨以拄臂骨，依因T12n0374_p0434a15臂骨以拄腕骨，依因腕骨以拄掌骨，依因掌T12n0374_p0434a16骨以拄指骨。』菩薩摩訶薩如是觀時，身所有T12n0374_p0434a17骨，一切分離，得是觀已即斷三欲：一形貌欲，T12n0374_p0434a18二姿態欲，三細觸欲。

「菩薩摩訶薩觀青骨時，T12n0374_p0434a19見此大地，東西南北、四維上下悉皆青相；如T12n0374_p0434a20青色觀，黃白鴿色，亦復如是。菩薩摩訶薩作T12n0374_p0434a21是觀時，眉間即出青、黃、赤、白、鴿等色光，是T12n0374_p0434a22菩薩於是一一諸光明中見有佛像，見已即T12n0374_p0434a23問：『如此身者，不淨因緣和合共成，云何而得T12n0374_p0434a24坐起、行住、屈伸、俯仰，視瞬、喘息、悲泣、喜笑？此T12n0374_p0434a25中無主，誰使之然？』作是問已，光中諸佛忽T12n0374_p0434a26然不現。復作是念：『或識是我，故使諸佛不為T12n0374_p0434a27我說。』復觀此識，次第生滅，猶如流水，亦復非T12n0374_p0434a28我。復作是念：『若識非我，出息入息或能是我。』T12n0374_p0434a29復作是念：『是出入息，直是風性，而是風性，T12n0374_p0434b01乃是四大，四大之中何者是我？地性非我，水T12n0374_p0434b02火風性亦復非我。』復作是念：『此身一切，悉無T12n0374_p0434b03有我，唯有心風因緣和合，示現種種所作事T12n0374_p0434b04業，譬如呪力、幻術所作，亦如箜篌，隨意出聲。T12n0374_p0434b05是故此身如是不淨，假眾因緣和合共成，而T12n0374_p0434b06於何處生此貪欲？若被罵辱，復於何處而生T12n0374_p0434b07瞋恚？而我此身，三十六物不淨臭穢，何處當T12n0374_p0434b08有受罵辱者？若聞其罵，即便思惟，以何音聲T12n0374_p0434b09而見罵耶？一一音聲不能見罵，若一不能，T12n0374_p0434b10多亦不能，以是義故，不應生瞋。若他來打，亦T12n0374_p0434b11應思惟，如是打者從何而生？』復作是念：『因T12n0374_p0434b12手刀杖，及以我身，故得名打。我今何緣橫瞋T12n0374_p0434b13於他？乃是我身，自招此咎，以我受是五陰身T12n0374_p0434b14故。譬如因的則有箭中，我身亦爾，有身有打。T12n0374_p0434b15我若不忍心則散亂，心若散亂則失正念，若T12n0374_p0434b16失正念則不能觀善、不善義，若不能觀善、不T12n0374_p0434b17善義則行惡法，惡法因緣則墮地獄、畜生、餓T12n0374_p0434b18鬼。』菩薩爾時作是觀已，得四念處，得四念處T12n0374_p0434b19已，則得住於堪忍地中。菩薩摩訶薩住是地T12n0374_p0434b20已，則能堪忍貪欲恚癡，亦能堪忍寒熱飢渴、T12n0374_p0434b21蚊虻蚤虱、暴風惡觸、種種疾疫、惡口罵詈、撾T12n0374_p0434b22打楚撻，身心苦惱一切能忍，是故名為住堪T12n0374_p0434b23忍地。」

迦葉菩薩摩訶薩白佛言：「世尊！菩薩T12n0374_p0434b24未得住不動地，淨持戒時，頗有因緣，得破戒T12n0374_p0434b25不？」

「善男子！有菩薩未得住不動地，有因緣T12n0374_p0434b26故，可得破戒。」

迦葉敬諾：「何者是耶？」

佛言：T12n0374_p0434b27「迦葉！若有菩薩知以破戒因緣，則能令人受T12n0374_p0434b28持愛樂大乘經典，又能令其讀誦通利、書寫T12n0374_p0434b29經卷、廣為他說、不退轉於阿耨多羅三藐三T12n0374_p0434c01菩提，為如是故，故得破戒。菩薩爾時應作是T12n0374_p0434c02念：『我寧一劫若減一劫，墮於阿鼻地獄受罪，T12n0374_p0434c03要必當令如是之人，不退轉於阿耨多羅三藐T12n0374_p0434c04三菩提。』迦葉！以是因緣，菩薩摩訶薩得毀淨T12n0374_p0434c05戒。」

爾時文殊師利菩薩摩訶薩白佛言：「世尊！T12n0374_p0434c06若有菩薩，攝取護持如是之人，令不退於菩T12n0374_p0434c07提之心，為是毀戒；若墮阿鼻，無有是處。」

爾T12n0374_p0434c08時佛讚文殊師利：「善哉，善哉！如汝所說。我T12n0374_p0434c09念往昔，於此閻浮提作大國王，名曰仙預，T12n0374_p0434c10愛念敬重大乘經典，其心純善，無有麁惡嫉T12n0374_p0434c11妬慳悋，口常宣說愛語、善語，身常攝護貧窮、T12n0374_p0434c12孤獨，布施精進無有休廢。時世無佛、聲聞、緣T12n0374_p0434c13覺，我於爾時愛樂大乘方等經典，十二年中T12n0374_p0434c14事婆羅門，供給所須。過十二年施安已訖，即T12n0374_p0434c15作是言：『師等今應發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提T12n0374_p0434c16心。』婆羅門言：『大王！菩提之性是無所有，大T12n0374_p0434c17乘經典亦復如是。大王！云何乃令人物同於T12n0374_p0434c18虛空？』善男子！我於爾時心重大乘，聞婆羅T12n0374_p0434c19門誹謗方等，聞已即時斷其命根。善男子！以T12n0374_p0434c20是因緣，從是已來不墮地獄。善男子！擁護攝T12n0374_p0434c21持大乘經典，乃有如是無量勢力。

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「復次迦葉！又有聖行，所謂四聖諦。苦、集、滅、道，T12n0374_p0434c23是名四聖諦。迦葉！苦者逼迫相，集者能生T12n0374_p0434c24長相，滅者寂滅相，道者大乘相。復次善男T12n0374_p0434c25子！苦者現相，集者轉相，滅者除相，道者能T12n0374_p0434c26除相。復次善男子！苦者有三相：苦苦相、行T12n0374_p0434c27苦相、壞苦相；集者二十五有；滅者滅二十五T12n0374_p0434c28有；道者修戒定慧。復次善男子！有漏法者T12n0374_p0434c29有二種：有因、有果；無漏法者亦有二種：有T12n0374_p0435a01因、有果。有漏果者是則名苦，有漏因者則名T12n0374_p0435a02為集，無漏果者則名為滅，無漏因者則名為T12n0374_p0435a03道。

「復次善男子！八相名苦，所謂生苦、老苦、T12n0374_p0435a04病苦、死苦、愛別離苦、怨憎會苦、求不得苦、五盛T12n0374_p0435a05陰苦。能生如是八苦法者，是名為因。無有T12n0374_p0435a06如是八法之處，是名為滅。十力、四無所畏、三T12n0374_p0435a07念處、大悲，是名為道。

「善男子！生者出相，所T12n0374_p0435a08謂五種：一者初出，二者至終，三者增長，四T12n0374_p0435a09者出胎，五者種類生。何等為老？老有二種：T12n0374_p0435a10一念念老，二終身老。復有二種：一增長老，T12n0374_p0435a11二滅壞老，是名為老。云何為病？病謂四大T12n0374_p0435a12毒蛇，互不調適，亦有二種：一者身病，二者T12n0374_p0435a13心病。身病有五：一者因水，二者因風，三者T12n0374_p0435a14因熱，四者雜病，五者客病。客病有四：一者T12n0374_p0435a15非分強作，二者忘誤墮落，三者刀杖瓦石，T12n0374_p0435a16四者鬼魅所著。心病亦有四種：一者踊躍，T12n0374_p0435a17二者恐怖，三者憂愁，四者愚癡。復次善男T12n0374_p0435a18子！身心之病凡有三種。何等為三？一者業T12n0374_p0435a19報，二者不得遠離惡對，三者時節代謝。生T12n0374_p0435a20如是等因緣名字，受分別病。因緣者，風等諸T12n0374_p0435a21病。名字者，心悶肺脹，上氣咳逆，心驚下痢。T12n0374_p0435a22受分別者，頭痛目痛、手足等痛，是名為病。T12n0374_p0435a23何等為死？死者捨所受身。捨所受身亦有二T12n0374_p0435a24種：一命盡死，二外緣死。命盡死者亦有三T12n0374_p0435a25種：一者命盡非是福盡，二者福盡非是命盡，T12n0374_p0435a26三者福命俱盡。外緣死者復有三種：一者T12n0374_p0435a27非分自害死，二者橫為他死，三者俱死。又T12n0374_p0435a28有三種死：一放逸死，二破戒死，三壞命根T12n0374_p0435a29死。何等名為放逸死？若有誹謗大乘方等T12n0374_p0435b01般若波羅蜜，是名放逸死。何等名為破戒死T12n0374_p0435b02耶？毀犯去、來、現在諸佛所制禁戒，是名破T12n0374_p0435b03戒死。何等名為壞命根死？捨五陰身，是名T12n0374_p0435b04壞命根死。如是名曰死為大苦。

「何等名為愛T12n0374_p0435b05別離苦？所愛之物破壞離散。所愛之物破壞T12n0374_p0435b06離散，亦有二種：一者人中五陰壞，二者天中T12n0374_p0435b07五陰壞。如是人天所愛五陰，分別挍計有T12n0374_p0435b08無量種，是名愛別離苦。何等名為怨憎會苦？T12n0374_p0435b09所不愛者而共聚集。所不愛者而共聚集，復T12n0374_p0435b10有三種：所謂地獄、餓鬼、畜生。如是三趣分別T12n0374_p0435b11挍計有無量種，如是則名怨憎會苦。何等名T12n0374_p0435b12為求不得苦？求不得苦復有二種：一者所T12n0374_p0435b13悕望處求不能得，二者多役功力不得果報，T12n0374_p0435b14如是則名求不得苦。何等名為五盛陰苦？五T12n0374_p0435b15盛陰苦者，生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、愛別離苦、怨T12n0374_p0435b16憎貪苦、求不得苦，是故名為五盛陰苦。

「迦T12n0374_p0435b17葉！生之根本，凡有如是七種之苦，老苦乃至T12n0374_p0435b18五盛陰苦。迦葉！夫衰老者非一切有，佛及T12n0374_p0435b19諸天一向定無，人中不定或有或無。迦葉！T12n0374_p0435b20三界受身，無不有生，老不必定，是故一切生T12n0374_p0435b21為根本。迦葉！世間眾生顛倒覆心，貪著生T12n0374_p0435b22相，厭患老死。迦葉！菩薩不爾，觀其初生，已T12n0374_p0435b23見過患。迦葉！如有女人入於他舍，是女端T12n0374_p0435b24正，顏貌瓌麗，以好瓔珞莊嚴其身。主人見T12n0374_p0435b25已即便問言：『汝字何等？繫屬於誰？』女人答言：T12n0374_p0435b26『我身即是功德大天。』主人問言：『汝所至處為T12n0374_p0435b27何所作？』女人答言：『我所至處，能與種種金銀T12n0374_p0435b28琉璃、頗梨真珠、珊瑚虎珀、車𤦲馬瑙、象馬車乘、T12n0374_p0435b29奴婢僕使。』主人聞已，心生歡喜，踴躍無量：『我T12n0374_p0435c01今福德，故令汝來至我舍宅。』即便燒香散花，T12n0374_p0435c02供養恭敬禮拜。復於門外更見一女，其形醜T12n0374_p0435c03陋，衣裳弊壞，多諸垢膩，皮膚皴裂，其色艾白。T12n0374_p0435c04見已問言：『汝字何等？繫屬誰家？』女人答言：T12n0374_p0435c05『我字黑闇。』復問：『何故名為黑闇？』女人答言：T12n0374_p0435c06『我所行處，能令其家所有財寶一切衰秏。』主T12n0374_p0435c07人聞已，即持利刀，作如是言：『汝若不去，當斷T12n0374_p0435c08汝命。』女人答言：『汝甚愚癡，無有智慧。』主人T12n0374_p0435c09問言：『何故名我癡無智慧？』女人答言：『汝舍T12n0374_p0435c10中者，即是我姊。我常與姊，進止共俱，汝若T12n0374_p0435c11驅我，亦當驅彼。』主人還入問功德天：『外有一T12n0374_p0435c12女，云是汝妹。實為是不？』功德天言：『實是我妹，T12n0374_p0435c13我與此妹，行住共俱，未曾相離。隨所住處，我T12n0374_p0435c14常作好，彼常作惡，我常利益，彼常作衰。若T12n0374_p0435c15愛我者，亦應愛彼，若見恭敬，亦應敬彼。』主人T12n0374_p0435c16即言：『若有如是好惡事者，我俱不用，各隨意T12n0374_p0435c17去。』是時二女，俱共相將還其所止。爾時主T12n0374_p0435c18人見其還去，心生歡喜踊躍無量。是時二女T12n0374_p0435c19復共相隨至一貧家。貧人見已，心生歡喜，即T12n0374_p0435c20請之言：『從今已去，願汝二人，常住我家。』功德T12n0374_p0435c21天言：『我等先以為他所驅，汝復何緣俱請T12n0374_p0435c22我住？』貧人答言：『汝今念我，我以汝故，復當T12n0374_p0435c23敬彼，是故俱請令住我家。』迦葉！菩薩摩訶T12n0374_p0435c24薩亦復如是，不願生天，以生當有老病死故，T12n0374_p0435c25是以俱棄，曾無愛心。凡夫愚人不知老病死T12n0374_p0435c26等過患，是故貪受生死二法。

「復次迦葉！如T12n0374_p0435c27婆羅門幼稚童子，為飢所逼，見人糞中有菴T12n0374_p0435c28羅果即便取之。有智見已，呵責之言：『汝婆羅T12n0374_p0435c29門，種姓清淨，何故取是糞中穢果？』童子聞已，T12n0374_p0436a01赧然有愧，即答之言：『我實不食，為欲洗淨，還T12n0374_p0436a02棄捨之。』智者語言：『汝大愚癡，若還棄者，本T12n0374_p0436a03不應取。』善男子！菩薩摩訶薩亦復如是，於此T12n0374_p0436a04生分，不受不捨，如彼智者呵責童子。凡夫之T12n0374_p0436a05人欣生惡死，如彼童子取果還棄。

「復次迦葉！T12n0374_p0436a06譬如四衢道頭，有人器盛滿食，色香味具，而T12n0374_p0436a07欲賣之。有人遠來飢虛羸乏，見其飯食色香T12n0374_p0436a08味具，即指之言：『此是何物？』食主答言：『此T12n0374_p0436a09是上食，色香味具。若食此食，得色得力、能除T12n0374_p0436a10飢渴、得見諸天；唯有一患，所謂命終。』是人T12n0374_p0436a11聞已，即作是念：『我今不用色力見天，亦不用T12n0374_p0436a12死。』即作是言：『食是食已，若命終者，汝今何T12n0374_p0436a13用於此賣之？』食主答言：『有智之人，終不肯T12n0374_p0436a14買。唯有愚人不知是事，多與我價，貪而食T12n0374_p0436a15之。』善男子！菩薩摩訶薩亦復如是，不願生T12n0374_p0436a16天，得色得力見於諸天。何以故？以其不免諸T12n0374_p0436a17苦惱故。凡夫愚癡，隨有生處，皆悉貪愛，以T12n0374_p0436a18其不見老病死故。

「復次善男子！譬如毒樹，T12n0374_p0436a19根亦能殺，莖亦能殺，皮花果實悉亦能殺。T12n0374_p0436a20善男子！二十五有受生之處，所受五陰，亦復T12n0374_p0436a21如是，一切能殺。復次迦葉！譬如糞穢，多少T12n0374_p0436a22俱臭。善男子！生亦如是，設壽八萬，下至十T12n0374_p0436a23歲，俱亦受苦。復次迦葉！譬如嶮岸，上有草T12n0374_p0436a24覆，於彼岸邊，多有甘露。若有食者，壽天千T12n0374_p0436a25年，永除諸病，安隱快樂。凡夫愚人，貪其味故，T12n0374_p0436a26不知其下有大深坑，即前欲取，不覺脚跌，墮T12n0374_p0436a27坑而死。智者知已，捨離遠去。善男子！菩薩T12n0374_p0436a28摩訶薩亦復如是，尚不欲受天上妙食，況復T12n0374_p0436a29人中？凡夫之人乃於地獄吞噉鐵丸，況復人T12n0374_p0436b01天，上妙餚饌而不能食？迦葉！以如是喻，及T12n0374_p0436b02餘無量無邊譬喻，當知是生，實為大苦。迦葉！T12n0374_p0436b03是名菩薩摩訶薩住於大乘大涅槃經，觀於生T12n0374_p0436b04苦。

\nT12n0374_p0436b05

「迦葉，云何菩薩摩訶薩，於是大乘大涅槃經T12n0374_p0436b06觀於老苦？老者能為咳逆上氣，能壞勇力、憶T12n0374_p0436b07念進持、盛年快樂、憍慢貢高、安隱自恣，能作T12n0374_p0436b08背膢、懈怠懶惰，為他所輕。迦葉！譬如池水，T12n0374_p0436b09蓮花滿中，開敷鮮榮，甚可愛樂，值天降雹，悉T12n0374_p0436b10皆破壞。善男子！老亦如是，悉能破壞盛壯好T12n0374_p0436b11色。復次迦葉！譬如國王，有一智臣善知兵法，T12n0374_p0436b12有敵國王拒逆不順，王遣此臣往討伐之，即T12n0374_p0436b13便擒獲將來詣王。老亦如是，擒獲壯色，將付T12n0374_p0436b14死王。復次迦葉！譬如折軸，無所復用，老亦T12n0374_p0436b15如是無所復用。復次迦葉！如大富家，多有財T12n0374_p0436b16寶，金銀琉璃、珊瑚虎珀、車𤦲馬瑙。有諸怨賊，T12n0374_p0436b17若入其家，即能劫奪，悉令空盡。善男子！盛年T12n0374_p0436b18好色亦復如是，常為老賊之所劫奪。復次T12n0374_p0436b19迦葉！譬如貧人貪著上膳、細軟衣裳，雖復悕T12n0374_p0436b20望而不能得。善男子！老亦如是，雖有貪心，欲T12n0374_p0436b21受富樂，五欲自恣，而不能得。復次迦葉！如陸T12n0374_p0436b22地龜，心常念水。善男子！人亦如是，既為衰T12n0374_p0436b23老之所乾枯，心常憶念壯時所受五欲之樂。T12n0374_p0436b24復次迦葉！猶如秋月，所有蓮花皆為一切之T12n0374_p0436b25所樂見，及其萎黃，人所惡賤。善男子！盛年T12n0374_p0436b26壯色，亦復如是，悉為一切之所愛樂，及其老T12n0374_p0436b27至，眾所惡賤。復次迦葉！譬如甘蔗，既被壓T12n0374_p0436b28已，滓無復味。善男子！壯年盛色亦復如是，既T12n0374_p0436b29被老壓，無三種味：一出家味，二讀誦味，三T12n0374_p0436c01坐禪味。復次迦葉！譬如滿月，夜多光明，晝則T12n0374_p0436c02不爾。善男子！人亦如是，壯則端嚴，形貌瓌T12n0374_p0436c03瑋，老則衰羸，形神枯顇。

「復次迦葉！譬如T12n0374_p0436c04有王，常以正法治於國土，真實無曲，慈悲好T12n0374_p0436c05施。時為敵國之所破壞，流離逃迸，遂至他T12n0374_p0436c06土。他土人民見已，生於憐愍之心，咸作是T12n0374_p0436c07言：『大王！往日正法治國，不抂萬姓，如何一T12n0374_p0436c08旦流離至此？』善男子！人亦如是，既為衰老所T12n0374_p0436c09壞敗已，常讚壯時所行事業。復次迦葉！譬T12n0374_p0436c10如燈炷，唯賴膏油，膏油既盡，勢不久停。善男T12n0374_p0436c11子！人亦如是，唯賴壯膏，壯膏既盡，衰老之炷T12n0374_p0436c12何得久停？復次迦葉！譬如枯河，不能利益人T12n0374_p0436c13及非人、飛鳥走獸。善男子！人亦如是，為老所T12n0374_p0436c14枯，不能利益一切作業。復次迦葉！譬如河岸T12n0374_p0436c15臨峻之樹，若遇暴風必當顛墜。善男子！T12n0374_p0436c16人亦如是，臨老險岸，死風既至，勢不得住。復T12n0374_p0436c17次迦葉！如車軸折，不任重載。善男子！老亦T12n0374_p0436c18如是，不能諮受一切善法。復次迦葉！譬如嬰T12n0374_p0436c19兒為人所輕。善男子！老亦如是，常為一切之T12n0374_p0436c20所輕毀。迦葉！以是等喻，及餘無量無邊譬喻，T12n0374_p0436c21當知是老，實為大苦。迦葉！是名菩薩摩訶薩T12n0374_p0436c22修行大乘大涅槃經，觀於老苦。

\nT12n0374_p0436c23

「迦葉！云何菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大涅槃經，T12n0374_p0436c24觀於病苦？所謂病者，能壞一切安隱樂事，T12n0374_p0436c25譬如雹雨傷壞穀苗。復次迦葉！如人有怨，心T12n0374_p0436c26常憂愁，而懷恐怖。善男子！一切眾生亦復如T12n0374_p0436c27是，常畏病苦，心懷愁憂。復次迦葉！譬如有T12n0374_p0436c28人，形貌端正，為王夫人欲心所愛，遣使逼喚，T12n0374_p0436c29與共交通。時王捕得，即便使人，挑其一目、截T12n0374_p0437a01其一耳、斷一手足，是人爾時形容改異，人所T12n0374_p0437a02惡賤。善男子！人亦如是，雖復身體耳目具T12n0374_p0437a03足，既為病苦所纏逼已，則為眾人之所惡賤。T12n0374_p0437a04復次迦葉！如芭蕉樹、竹葦蘆騾，有子則死。T12n0374_p0437a05善男子！人亦如是，有病則死。復次迦葉！如T12n0374_p0437a06轉輪王，主兵大臣常在前導，王隨後行。亦如T12n0374_p0437a07魚王、蟻王、䗍王、牛王、商主，在前行時，如是諸T12n0374_p0437a08眾，悉皆隨從，無捨離者。善男子！死轉輪王亦T12n0374_p0437a09復如是，常隨病臣不相捨離。魚、蟻、䗍、牛、商T12n0374_p0437a10主、病王亦復如是，常為死眾之所隨逐。迦葉！T12n0374_p0437a11病因緣者，所謂苦惱、愁憂悲嘆、身心不安，或T12n0374_p0437a12為怨賊之所逼害，破壞浮囊，撥撤橋梁，亦T12n0374_p0437a13能劫奪正念根本，復能破壞盛壯好色、力勢T12n0374_p0437a14安樂，除捨慚愧，能為身心焦熱熾然。以是等T12n0374_p0437a15喻，及餘無量無邊譬喻，當知病苦是為大苦。T12n0374_p0437a16迦葉！是名菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大涅槃經，T12n0374_p0437a17觀於病苦。

\nT12n0374_p0437a18

「迦葉！云何菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大涅槃經，T12n0374_p0437a19觀於死苦？所謂死者，能燒滅故。迦葉！如火T12n0374_p0437a20災起，能燒一切，唯除二禪，力不至故。善男T12n0374_p0437a21子！死火亦爾能燒一切，唯除菩薩住於大乘T12n0374_p0437a22大般涅槃，勢不及故。復次迦葉！如水災起，T12n0374_p0437a23一切漂沒，唯除三禪，力不至故。善男子！死T12n0374_p0437a24水亦爾，漂沒一切，唯除菩薩住於大乘大般T12n0374_p0437a25涅槃。復次迦葉！如風災起，能吹一切悉令散T12n0374_p0437a26滅，唯除四禪，力不至故。善男子！死風亦爾，T12n0374_p0437a27悉能吹滅一切所有，唯除菩薩住於大乘大T12n0374_p0437a28般涅槃。」

迦葉菩薩白佛言：「世尊！彼第四禪，T12n0374_p0437a29以何因緣，風不能吹，水不能漂，火不能燒？」

佛T12n0374_p0437b01告迦葉：「善男子！彼第四禪，內外過患一切無T12n0374_p0437b02故。善男子！初禪過患，內有覺觀，外有火災。T12n0374_p0437b03二禪過患，內有歡喜，外有水災。三禪過患，內T12n0374_p0437b04有喘息，外有風災。善男子！彼第四禪，內外過T12n0374_p0437b05患一切俱無，是故諸災不能及之。善男子！T12n0374_p0437b06菩薩摩訶薩亦復如是，安住大乘大般涅槃，T12n0374_p0437b07內外過患一切皆盡，是故死王不能及之。

\nT12n0374_p0437b08

「復次善男子！如金翅鳥能噉能消一切龍魚、T12n0374_p0437b09金銀等寶，唯除金剛不能令消。善男子！死T12n0374_p0437b10金翅鳥亦復如是，能噉能消一切眾生，唯不T12n0374_p0437b11能消住於大乘大般涅槃菩薩摩訶薩。復次T12n0374_p0437b12迦葉！譬如河岸所有草木，大水瀑涱，悉隨T12n0374_p0437b13漂流入於大海，唯除楊柳以其軟故。善男子！T12n0374_p0437b14一切眾生亦復如是，悉皆隨流入于死海，唯T12n0374_p0437b15除菩薩住於大乘大般涅槃。復次迦葉！如那T12n0374_p0437b16羅延，悉能摧伏一切力士，唯除大風。何以T12n0374_p0437b17故？以無礙故。善男子！死那羅延亦復如是，T12n0374_p0437b18悉能摧伏一切眾生，唯除菩薩住於大乘大T12n0374_p0437b19般涅槃。何以故？以無礙故。復次迦葉！譬如T12n0374_p0437b20有人於怨憎中，詐現親善，常相追逐，如影隨T12n0374_p0437b21形，伺求其便，而欲殺之；彼怨謹慎，堅牢自備，T12n0374_p0437b22故使是人不能得殺。善男子！死怨亦爾，常T12n0374_p0437b23伺眾生而欲殺之，唯不能殺住於大乘大般T12n0374_p0437b24涅槃菩薩摩訶薩。何以故？以是菩薩不放逸T12n0374_p0437b25故。復次迦葉！譬如卒降金剛瀑雨，悉壞藥T12n0374_p0437b26木、諸樹山林、土沙瓦石、金銀琉璃一切之物，T12n0374_p0437b27唯不能壞金剛真寶。善男子！金剛死雨亦復T12n0374_p0437b28如是，悉能破壞一切眾生，唯除金剛菩薩住T12n0374_p0437b29於大乘大般涅槃。復次迦葉！如金翅鳥能噉T12n0374_p0437c01諸龍，唯不能噉受三歸者。善男子！死金翅T12n0374_p0437c02鳥亦復如是，能噉一切無量眾生，唯除菩薩T12n0374_p0437c03住三定者。何謂三定？空、無、相願。復次迦葉！T12n0374_p0437c04如摩羅毒蛇，凡所觸螫，雖有良呪、上妙好藥，T12n0374_p0437c05無如之何；唯阿竭多星呪，能令除愈。善男子！T12n0374_p0437c06死毒所螫，亦復如是，一切醫方無如之何，唯T12n0374_p0437c07除菩薩住於大乘大般涅槃呪。復次迦葉！T12n0374_p0437c08譬如有人為王所瞋，其人若能以軟善語，貢T12n0374_p0437c09上財寶，便可得脫。善男子！死王不爾，雖以T12n0374_p0437c10軟語、錢財珍寶，而貢上之，亦不得脫。善男子！T12n0374_p0437c11夫死者於嶮難處無有資糧，去處懸遠，而無T12n0374_p0437c12伴侶，晝夜常行不知邊際，深邃幽闇無有燈T12n0374_p0437c13明，入無門戶而有處所，雖無痛處不可療治，T12n0374_p0437c14往無遮止到不得脫，無所破壞見者愁毒，非T12n0374_p0437c15是惡色而令人怖，敷在身邊不可覺知。迦葉！T12n0374_p0437c16以是等喻，及餘無量無邊譬喻，當知是死，真T12n0374_p0437c17為大苦。迦葉！是名菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大T12n0374_p0437c18涅槃經，觀於死苦。

\nT12n0374_p0437c19

「迦葉，云何菩薩摩訶薩住於大乘大涅槃經，T12n0374_p0437c20觀愛別離苦？愛別離苦，能為一切眾苦根本，T12n0374_p0437c21如說偈言：

\nT12n0374_p0437c22

「『因愛生憂，

因愛生怖。

若離於愛，

T12n0374_p0437c23

何憂何怖？』

T12n0374_p0437c24

「愛因緣故，則生憂苦，以憂苦故，則令眾生，生T12n0374_p0437c25於衰老、愛別離苦，所謂命終。善男子！以別T12n0374_p0437c26離故，能生種種微細諸苦，今當為汝分別顯T12n0374_p0437c27示。善男子！過去之世人壽無量，時世有王，T12n0374_p0437c28名為善住。其王爾時為童子身，太子治事，及T12n0374_p0437c29登王位，各八萬四千歲。時王頂上生一肉疱，T12n0374_p0438a01其疱柔軟，如兜羅綿、細軟劫貝，漸漸增長，不T12n0374_p0438a02以為患。足滿十月，疱即開剖，生一童子，其T12n0374_p0438a03形端正，奇異少雙，色像分明，人中第一。父王T12n0374_p0438a04歡喜，字之頂生。時善住王，因以國事委付T12n0374_p0438a05頂生，棄捨宮殿、妻子、眷屬，入山學道，滿八萬T12n0374_p0438a06四千歲。爾時頂生於十五日，處在高樓，沐浴T12n0374_p0438a07受齋，即時東方有金輪寶，其輪千輻，轂輞具T12n0374_p0438a08足，非工匠造，自然成就，而來應之。頂生大王T12n0374_p0438a09即作是念：『我昔曾聞五通仙說，若剎利王於T12n0374_p0438a10十五日，處在高樓沐浴受齋，若有金輪，千輻T12n0374_p0438a11不減轂輞具足，非工匠造自然成就，而來應T12n0374_p0438a12者，當知是王即當得作轉輪聖帝。』復作是念：T12n0374_p0438a13『我今當試。』即以左手擎此輪寶，右執香爐，T12n0374_p0438a14右膝著地而發誓言：『是金輪寶若實不虛，應T12n0374_p0438a15如過去轉輪聖王所行道去。』作是誓已，是金T12n0374_p0438a16輪寶飛昇虛空遍十方已，還來住在頂生左T12n0374_p0438a17手。爾時頂生心生歡喜，踊躍無量，復作是言：T12n0374_p0438a18『我今定當作轉輪王。』其後不久復有象寶，狀T12n0374_p0438a19貌端嚴、如白蓮花，七支拄地。頂生見已復作T12n0374_p0438a20是念：『我昔曾聞五通仙說，若轉輪王於十五T12n0374_p0438a21日，處在高樓沐浴受齋，若有象寶，狀貌端嚴，T12n0374_p0438a22如白蓮花，七支拄地，而來應者，當知是王即T12n0374_p0438a23是聖王。』復作是念：『我今當試。』即擎香爐，右T12n0374_p0438a24膝著地而發誓言：『是白象寶，若實不虛，應如T12n0374_p0438a25過去轉輪聖王所行道去。』作是誓已，是白象T12n0374_p0438a26寶，從旦至夕周遍八方盡大海際，還住本處。T12n0374_p0438a27爾時頂生心大歡喜，踊躍無量，復作是言：『我T12n0374_p0438a28今定是轉輪聖王。』其後不久次有馬寶，其色T12n0374_p0438a29紺炎，髦尾金色。頂生見已復作是念：『我昔曾T12n0374_p0438b01聞五通仙說，若轉輪王於十五日，處在高樓T12n0374_p0438b02沐浴受齋，若有馬寶，其色紺艶，髦尾金色，而T12n0374_p0438b03來應者，當知是王即是聖王。』復作是念：『我T12n0374_p0438b04今當試。』即執香爐右膝著地而發誓言：『是紺T12n0374_p0438b05馬寶，若實不虛，應如過去轉輪聖王所行道T12n0374_p0438b06去。』作是誓己，是紺馬寶，從旦至夕周遍八方T12n0374_p0438b07盡大海際，還住本處。爾時頂生心大歡喜，踊T12n0374_p0438b08躍無量，復作是言：『我今定是轉輪聖王。』其T12n0374_p0438b09後不久，復有女寶，形容端正，微妙第一，不長T12n0374_p0438b10不短不白不黑，身諸毛孔出栴檀香，口氣香T12n0374_p0438b11潔如青蓮花，其目遠視見一由旬，耳聞鼻嗅T12n0374_p0438b12亦復如是，其舌廣大，出能覆面，形色細薄，如T12n0374_p0438b13赤銅葉，心聰叡哲，有大智慧，於諸眾生常有T12n0374_p0438b14軟語。是女以手觸王衣時，即知王身安樂病T12n0374_p0438b15患，亦知王心所緣之處。爾時頂生復作是念：T12n0374_p0438b16『若有女人能知王心，即是女寶。』其後不久，於T12n0374_p0438b17王宮內，自然而有寶摩尼珠，純青琉璃，大如T12n0374_p0438b18人䏶，能於闇中照一由旬，若天降雨渧如T12n0374_p0438b19車軸，是珠力能作蓋，遍覆足一由旬，遮此大T12n0374_p0438b20雨，不令下過。爾時頂生復作是念：『若轉輪T12n0374_p0438b21王得是寶珠，必是聖王。』其後不久有主藏臣T12n0374_p0438b22自然而出，多饒財寶，巨富無量，庫藏盈溢，無T12n0374_p0438b23所乏少，報得眼根，力能徹見一切地中所有T12n0374_p0438b24伏藏，隨王所念，皆能辦之。爾時頂生復欲試T12n0374_p0438b25之，即共乘船入於大海，告藏臣言：『我今欲得T12n0374_p0438b26珍異之寶。』藏臣聞已，即以兩手撓大海水，時T12n0374_p0438b27十指頭出十寶藏，以奉聖王而白王言：『大王！T12n0374_p0438b28所須隨意用之，其餘在者，當投大海。』爾時T12n0374_p0438b29頂生，心大歡喜踊躍無量，復作念言：『我今T12n0374_p0438c01定是轉輪聖王。』其後不久，有主兵臣，自然而T12n0374_p0438c02出，勇健猛略，策謀第一，善知四兵，若任鬪者T12n0374_p0438c03則現聖王，若不任者退不令現，未摧伏者T12n0374_p0438c04能令摧伏，已摧伏者力能守護。爾時頂生復T12n0374_p0438c05作是念：『若轉輪王得是兵寶，當知定是轉輪T12n0374_p0438c06聖王。』

「爾時頂生轉輪聖帝，告諸大臣：『汝等當T12n0374_p0438c07知此閻浮提，安隱豐樂。然我今已七寶成就，T12n0374_p0438c08千子具足，更何所為？』諸臣答言：『唯然，大王！T12n0374_p0438c09東弗婆提，猶未歸德，王應往討。』爾時聖王與T12n0374_p0438c10其七寶一切營從，飛空而往東弗婆提，彼土T12n0374_p0438c11人民歡喜歸化。復告大臣：『我閻浮提及弗T12n0374_p0438c12婆提，安隱豐樂，人民熾盛，悉來歸化，七寶成T12n0374_p0438c13就，千子具足，復何所為？』諸臣答言：『唯然，大T12n0374_p0438c14王！西瞿陀尼猶未歸德。』爾時聖王復與七寶T12n0374_p0438c15一切營從，飛空而往西瞿陀尼。王既至彼，彼T12n0374_p0438c16土人民亦復歸化。復告大臣：『我閻浮提及弗T12n0374_p0438c17婆提、此瞿陀尼，安隱豐樂，人民熾盛，咸以歸T12n0374_p0438c18化，七寶成就，千子具足，復何所為？』諸臣答言：T12n0374_p0438c19『唯然，大王！北欝單越猶未歸化。』爾時聖王T12n0374_p0438c20復與七寶一切營從，飛空而往北欝單越。王T12n0374_p0438c21既至彼，彼土人民歡喜歸德。復告大臣：『我T12n0374_p0438c22四天下，安隱豐樂，人民熾盛，咸已歸德。七寶T12n0374_p0438c23成就，千子具足，更何所為？』諸臣答言：『唯然，T12n0374_p0438c24聖王！三十三天，壽命極長，安隱快樂。彼天身T12n0374_p0438c25形，端嚴無比，所居宮殿、床榻臥具，悉是七寶。T12n0374_p0438c26自恃天福，未來歸化。今可往討令其摧伏。』爾T12n0374_p0438c27時聖王復與七寶一切營從，飛騰虛空，上忉T12n0374_p0438c28利天。見有一樹，其色青綠。聖王見已，即問大T12n0374_p0438c29臣：『此是何色？』大臣答言：『此是波利質多羅樹，T12n0374_p0439a01忉利諸天，夏三月日，常於其下娛樂受樂。』復T12n0374_p0439a02見白色猶如白雲，復問大臣：『彼是何色？』大T12n0374_p0439a03臣答言：『是善法堂，忉利諸天，常集其中，論人T12n0374_p0439a04天事。』於是天主釋提桓因，知頂生王已來在T12n0374_p0439a05外，即出迎逆。見已執手昇善法堂，分座而坐。T12n0374_p0439a06彼時二王，形容相貌等無差別，唯有視眴為T12n0374_p0439a07別異耳。是時聖王即生念言：『我今寧可退彼T12n0374_p0439a08王位，即住其中為天王不？』善男子！爾時帝T12n0374_p0439a09釋受持讀誦大乘經典、開示分別、為他演說，T12n0374_p0439a10唯於深義未盡通達。以是讀誦、受持分別、為T12n0374_p0439a11他廣說因緣力故，有大威德。善男子！而是頂T12n0374_p0439a12生於此帝釋生惡心已，即便墮落，還閻浮提，T12n0374_p0439a13與所愛念人天離別，生大苦惱，復遇惡病，即T12n0374_p0439a14便命終。爾時帝釋，迦葉佛是。轉輪聖王，則我T12n0374_p0439a15身是。善男子！當知如是愛別離者，極為大苦。T12n0374_p0439a16善男子！菩薩摩訶薩尚憶過去如是等輩愛T12n0374_p0439a17別離苦，何況菩薩住於大乘大涅槃經，而當T12n0374_p0439a18不觀現在之世愛別離苦？

\nT12n0374_p0439a19

「善男子！云何菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大涅槃T12n0374_p0439a20經，觀怨憎會苦？善男子！是菩薩摩訶薩觀於T12n0374_p0439a21地獄、畜生、餓鬼、人中、天上，皆有如是怨憎會T12n0374_p0439a22苦。譬如人觀牢獄、繫閉、枷鎖、杻械以為大苦。T12n0374_p0439a23菩薩摩訶薩亦復如是，觀於五道一切受生，T12n0374_p0439a24悉是怨憎合會大苦。復次善男子！譬如有人，T12n0374_p0439a25常畏怨家、枷鎖、杻械，捨離父母、妻子，眷屬、珍T12n0374_p0439a26寶產業，而遠逃避。善男子！菩薩摩訶薩亦復T12n0374_p0439a27如是，怖畏生死，具足修行六波羅蜜，入於涅T12n0374_p0439a28槃。迦葉！是名菩薩摩訶薩修行大乘大般涅T12n0374_p0439a29槃，觀怨憎會苦。

\nT12n0374_p0439b01

「善男子！云何菩薩修行大乘大般涅槃，觀求T12n0374_p0439b02不得苦？求者一切盡求。盡求者有二種：一求T12n0374_p0439b03善法，二求不善法。善法未得苦，惡法未離苦，T12n0374_p0439b04是則略說五盛陰苦。迦葉！是名苦諦。」

\nT12n0374_p0439b05

爾時迦葉菩薩摩訶薩白佛言：「世尊！如佛所T12n0374_p0439b06說，五盛陰苦，是義不然。何以故？如佛往昔告T12n0374_p0439b07釋摩男：『若色苦者，一切眾生不應求色，若有T12n0374_p0439b08求者，則不名苦。』如佛告諸比丘：『有三種受：苦T12n0374_p0439b09受、樂受、不苦不樂受。』如佛先為諸比丘說：『若T12n0374_p0439b10有人能修行善法，則得受樂。』又如佛說：『於善T12n0374_p0439b11道中六觸受樂，眼見好色是則為樂，耳、鼻、舌、T12n0374_p0439b12身、意思好法，亦復如是。』如佛說偈：

\nT12n0374_p0439b13

「『持戒則為樂，

身不受眾苦，

T12n0374_p0439b14

睡眠得安隱，

寤則心歡喜。

T12n0374_p0439b15

若受衣食時，

誦習而經行，

T12n0374_p0439b16

獨處於山林，

如是為最樂。

T12n0374_p0439b17

若能於眾生，

晝夜常修慈，

T12n0374_p0439b18

因是得常樂，

以不惱他故。

T12n0374_p0439b19

少欲知足樂，

多聞分別樂，

T12n0374_p0439b20

無著阿羅漢，

亦名為受樂。

T12n0374_p0439b21

菩薩摩訶薩，

畢竟到彼岸，

T12n0374_p0439b22

所作眾事辦，

是名為最樂。』

T12n0374_p0439b23

「世尊！如諸經中所說樂相，其義如是。如佛今T12n0374_p0439b24說，云何當與此義相應？」◎

佛告迦葉：「善哉，善T12n0374_p0439b25哉！善男子！善能諮問如來是義。善男子！一T12n0374_p0439b26切眾生於下苦中，橫生樂想。是故我今所說T12n0374_p0439b27苦相，與本不異。」

爾時迦葉菩薩白佛言：「如佛T12n0374_p0439b28所說，於下苦中生樂想者，下生、下老、下病、下T12n0374_p0439b29死、下愛別離、下求不得、下怨憎會、下五盛陰，T12n0374_p0439c01如是等苦亦應有樂。世尊！下生者，所謂三T12n0374_p0439c02惡趣。中生者，所謂人中。上生者，所謂天上。T12n0374_p0439c03若復有人作如是問：『若於下樂生於苦想，於T12n0374_p0439c04中樂中生無苦樂想，於上樂中生於樂想。』當T12n0374_p0439c05云何答？世尊！若下苦中生樂想者，未見有人T12n0374_p0439c06當受千罰，初一下時已生樂想，若不生者，云T12n0374_p0439c07何說言於下苦中而生樂想？」

佛告迦葉：「如是，T12n0374_p0439c08如是，如汝所說。以是義故，無有樂想。何以故？T12n0374_p0439c09猶如彼人當受千罰，受一下已即得脫者，是T12n0374_p0439c10人爾時便生樂想。是故當知於無樂中妄生T12n0374_p0439c11樂想。」

迦葉言：「世尊！彼人不以一下生於樂想，T12n0374_p0439c12以得脫故而生樂想。」

「迦葉！是故我昔為釋摩T12n0374_p0439c13男說，五陰中樂實不虛也。迦葉！有三受三T12n0374_p0439c14苦。三受者，所謂樂受、苦受、不苦不樂受。三T12n0374_p0439c15苦者，所謂苦苦、行苦、壞苦。善男子！苦受者名T12n0374_p0439c16為三苦，所謂苦苦、行苦、壞苦。餘二受者，所T12n0374_p0439c17謂行苦、壞苦。善男子！以是因緣，生死之中實T12n0374_p0439c18有樂受。菩薩摩訶薩以苦樂性不相捨離，是T12n0374_p0439c19故說言一切皆苦。善男子！生死之中實無有T12n0374_p0439c20樂，但諸佛菩薩隨順世間說言有樂。」

迦葉菩T12n0374_p0439c21薩白佛言：「世尊！諸佛菩薩若隨俗說，是虛T12n0374_p0439c22妄否？如佛所說，修行善者則受樂報，持戒T12n0374_p0439c23安樂身不受苦，乃至眾事已辦是為最樂，如T12n0374_p0439c24是等經，所說樂受，是虛妄否？若是虛妄，諸佛T12n0374_p0439c25世尊久於無量百千萬億阿僧祇劫修菩提T12n0374_p0439c26道，已離妄語，今作是說其義云何？」

佛言：「善男T12n0374_p0439c27子！如上所說諸受樂偈，即是菩提道之根本，T12n0374_p0439c28亦能長養阿耨多羅三藐三菩提。以是義故，T12n0374_p0439c29先於經中說是樂相。善男子！譬如世間，所須T12n0374_p0440a01資生能為樂因，故名為樂。所謂女色、耽愐飲T12n0374_p0440a02酒、上饌甘味，渴時得水、寒時遇火，衣服瓔珞、T12n0374_p0440a03象馬車乘、奴婢僮僕、金銀琉璃、珊瑚真珠、倉T12n0374_p0440a04庫穀米，如是等物世間所須，能為樂因，是名T12n0374_p0440a05為樂。善男子！如是等物亦能生苦，因於女T12n0374_p0440a06人生男子苦，憂愁悲泣乃至斷命。因酒甘味T12n0374_p0440a07乃至倉穀，亦能令人生大憂惱。以是義故，一T12n0374_p0440a08切皆苦，無有樂相。善男子！菩薩摩訶薩於是T12n0374_p0440a09八苦，解苦、無苦。善男子！一切聲聞辟支佛等，T12n0374_p0440a10不知樂因，為如是人，於下苦中說有樂相。唯T12n0374_p0440a11有菩薩住於大乘大般涅槃，乃能知是苦因、T12n0374_p0440a12樂因。◎

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大般涅槃經卷第十二